The future of rice production: insights from sunflower gene research

Scientists have successfully transferred a gene from sunflowers to rice, significantly increasing its grain yield and enhancing its resistance to drought and salt stress.

This breakthrough research, led by Zhejiang Normal University in China, offers promising potential for developing climate-resilient crops.

The gene in question, known as HaGLK, plays a crucial role in the development of chloroplasts, where photosynthesis occurs. It also helps plants cope with harsh environmental conditions, such as drought and salinity. Sunflowers are known for thriving in arid and saline environments, which led researchers to hypothesise that transferring the HaGLK gene to rice could provide similar stress tolerance.

"We hypothesize that overexpression of the HaGLK gene in rice may enhance its tolerance to salt stress, drought resistance, and photosynthetic capacity. To test this hypothesis, we constructed the overexpression of HaGLK rice transgenic plants and analysed their photosynthetic performance, agronomic traits, and stress resistance," said the research team.

By inserting the HaGLK gene into rice plants, the researchers compared the modified plants with a control variety, Zhonghua 11. The modified rice showed higher levels of chlorophyll, larger chloroplasts, and an improved photosynthetic rate. These changes resulted in a significant increase in grain yield, with improvements of 13.06% and 12.60% in two separate transgenic lines.

The study also found that the gene did not interfere with overall plant development. In fact, it led to some physical changes, including wider leaves and longer panicles. The higher yield was primarily attributed to an increased number of grains per panicle. While the shape of the grains changed slightly, there was no significant difference compared to the control variety.

In addition to the yield boost, the HaGLK-modified rice also showed improved resistance to drought and salt stress. The plants developed longer roots and stems during germination, experienced less wilting, and had higher survival rates compared to the unmodified variety. Furthermore, the HaGLK-modified rice was better able to close its stomata quickly, reducing water loss and helping the plant survive in harsh conditions without sacrificing photosynthesis.

The findings suggest that the HaGLK gene could be a valuable tool in developing high-yield, resilient rice varieties suited to challenging environmental conditions. "Future research should aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which heterologous HaGLK expression modulates photosynthetic efficiency and stress responses in rice," the researchers concluded.