Researchers at the National University of Singapore (NUS) have unveiled a cutting-edge microneedle biofertiliser system that could redefine sustainable agriculture and precision farming.

The innovative technology uses dissolving microneedle patches to deliver living biofertilisers directly into plant tissue, bypassing soil-related limitations and significantly improving efficiency.

In controlled greenhouse trials, leafy vegetables such as Choy Sum and Kale showed faster and healthier growth, recording higher shoot biomass, increased leaf area and greater height all while using over 15 per cent less biofertiliser compared to conventional soil inoculation. This breakthrough highlights a promising pathway to reduce fertiliser waste and minimise environmental impact.

Traditionally, biofertilisers  beneficial bacteria and fungi that enhance nutrient uptake and stress tolerance are applied to soil, where they face competition from native microbes and adverse conditions. The NUS approach sidesteps these challenges by delivering microbes straight into leaves or stems, enabling faster and more targeted results.

“Inspired by how microbes can migrate within the human body, we hypothesised that by delivering beneficial microbes directly into the plant's tissues, like a leaf or stem, they could travel to the roots and still perform their function, but much more effectively and be less vulnerable to soil conditions,” said Assistant Professor Andy Tay from the Department of Biomedical Engineering at NUS, who led the study.

The plant-friendly microneedles, made from biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), dissolve within a minute of application, releasing their microbial payload gently into the plant. Laboratory tests confirmed minimal tissue disruption, stable chlorophyll levels and a rapid return to normal stress markers, underscoring the system’s safety and viability.

The team successfully delivered a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) cocktail directly into plant tissue, outperforming soil-based treatments. Importantly, growth response correlated with microbial dosage up to an optimal threshold, allowing growers to determine the lowest effective dose and cut costs.

“Our microneedle system successfully delivered biofertiliser into Choy Sum and Kale, enhancing their growth more effectively than traditional methods while using over 15 per cent less biofertiliser,” Asst Prof Tay said. “By faster growth we refer to higher total plant weight, larger leaf area and higher plant height.”

With strong potential for urban farming, vertical farms and high-value crops, the researchers are now exploring scalability, automation and wider crop trials. This pioneering “microneedle biofertiliser” concept positions smart agri-tech at the forefront of eco-friendly, future-ready farming.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) continues to spread across East and West Asia, with new outbreaks affecting poultry farms in countries including the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Iraq and Israel.

The resurgence of the H5 group of avian flu viruses is raising concerns over poultry health, food security and regional egg supplies.

Among Asian nations, the Philippines has reported the highest number of new poultry outbreaks in recent days. Over the past 10 days, the country’s animal health authorities confirmed 10 outbreaks of HPAI to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Most involved the H5N1 virus, particularly in Isabela province in northern Luzon, affecting both large commercial farms and smaller backyard flocks. These latest cases bring the total number of outbreaks on Luzon over the past four years to 293, impacting around 2.35 million birds through culling or mortality.

New detections have also been reported in Mindanao, including South Cotabato, Davao del Sur and North Cotabato, involving grazing ducks infected with H5N1 and H5N8 strains. Authorities cite contact with infected birds and contaminated fomites as the likely sources of infection. As of 31 December, only one active outbreak remains under investigation in Central Luzon.

In Japan, five additional H5N1 outbreaks were confirmed between late December and early January, mainly affecting large laying hen farms. These cases raise the country’s total outbreaks since October to 13, with more than 3.87 million poultry directly affected. Further suspected cases are currently under review.

The spread of avian flu has significantly disrupted South Korea’s egg supply, prompting the government to import over 2.2 million eggs from the United States in January. Since October, South Korea has confirmed 34 poultry outbreaks, including a notable case involving the H5N9 virus, detected for the first time in domestic birds.

Elsewhere in East Asia, Taiwan reported a new H5N1 outbreak in early January, affecting nearly 60,000 laying hens in Chiayi county. In western Asia, H5N1 has re-emerged in Israel and Iraq, with infections linked to contact with wild birds.

With outbreaks spanning multiple regions and virus strains, authorities warn that enhanced biosecurity, surveillance and rapid response will be critical to limiting further spread across Asia’s poultry sector.

INTA and the National University of La Matanza (UNLAM) are working on the optimisation and fine-tuning of a compact, controlled and affordable hydroponic system designed to enable the domestic production of fresh food in small spaces and under variable climatic conditions.

The prototype builds on the experience gained through the Antarctic Hydroponic Production Module (MAPHI).

INTA and UNLAM are jointly developing a module aimed at facilitating vegetable production in reduced spaces, regardless of external climatic variability. The goal is for the final prototype to be economically accessible and simple enough to be used by anyone in a household setting.

The project originates from the know-how developed through MAPHI, a system designed to produce vegetables under the extreme conditions of Antarctica. Drawing on that experience, INTA Santa Cruz, in collaboration with the National University of La Matanza, is now adapting and optimising the technology at a smaller scale, specifically targeted at domestic use.

Jorge Birgi, researcher at the INTA Santa Cruz Experimental Station, said,"we were able to design a production module that condenses the technologies used in the Antarctic system, while adding new features. Given the scale, this is a module that allows a family to produce their own food."

The initial objective was to transform a highly complex system, originally conceived for hostile and isolated environments, into a compact, efficient and economically accessible prototype capable of producing fresh food in limited spaces and under variable climatic conditions.

Martín Díaz, project director overseeing the optimisation phase,said, "this collaboration will provide technical tools that strengthen the prototype and make it possible to reach the goal of developing a product that can be commercialised."

Among its defining features, Díaz explained that "the module is designed to produce vegetables independently of external environmental conditions. It controls all key variables — temperature, light and nutrients  to ensure production regardless of location."

During its deployment in Antarctica, the MAPHI project led to the development of a complete technological package. This included compatible substrates, specific seed types, seed treatments and dedicated protocols. A tailored nutrient solution adapted to Antarctic conditions was also developed, along with a monitoring system incorporating sensors and custom-designed electronic boards. These components allowed data to be collected, processed and presented in a way that was easy for operators to interpret.

At this stage, efforts are focused on transforming MAPHI's technologies into a product that can be utilised by society and the productive sector. In other words, the project that proved capable of producing vegetables under extreme Antarctic conditions is now being used as a springboard for the development of commercial products.

In this regard, Birgi noted that "to achieve this objective, the MAPHI team developed a reduced-size prototype that incorporates new functionalities, making it easier to operate in a domestic environment."

Through the joint project, INTA and UNLAM will now contribute a business plan aimed at turning the prototype developed by the Santa Cruz Experimental Station into a commercial product. This phase will include a market study to identify potential user profiles, as well as the development of an intuitive interface allowing the system to be managed via a mobile phone application.

The final outcome will consist of a series of technical documents defining target users, the final price of the production system, the data collection platform to be used, and the materials required for construction.

The initiative is part of the Technological and Social Development Project (PDTS) call, a joint programme promoted by Argentina's National Interuniversity Council (CIN) and the European Union (UNIUEAR).

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